4/18/2024 0 Comments Feline hip leg xray normal![]() ![]() Lateral views are taken with the patient in left or right lateral recumbency with both wings extended dorsally ( Figure 3). The keel should be superimposed over the spine and the two sides of the pelvis should be symmetrical. It is not necessary for the wings to be fully extended, as long as they do not superimpose the coelomic cavity. Ventrodorsal views are taken with the bird in dorsal recumbency, with the wings extended laterally and the legs extended caudally ( Figure 2). Limbs can be restrained with tape, light sandbags or ties. In avian patients, adequately positioned contralateral radiographs can yield a myriad of diagnostic findings and can help narrow down diagnosis and point the practitioner in the direction of the next diagnostic step. Whole-body radiographs are used more frequently in exotics practice, due to the small size of the patients and the ease of acquisition however, collimation should be considered. Similar to a canine or feline patient, if a bird is lame then the field of view should be focused on the limb of interest. It is important to consider the area for interpretation when taking a radiograph. FIGURE (2) A Severe Macaw positioned for a ventrodorsal radiographic view Positioning for radiographs This is one of the reasons that the author prefers ventrodorsal views to dorsoventral views, and ideally, once this image has been taken, the patient is moved to lateral recumbency in order to allow for more efficient ventilation. If an avian patient is placed in dorsal recumbency, some of the more dorsal air sacs are compressed by internal organs, resulting in reduced air flow. If the patient is placed in sternal recumbency, they need to lift their dorsal body in order to inspire, which can be difficult in larger, heavier birds. Sacs and allows air to pass through the respiratory system. Inspiration and expiration are active processes in birds, by which their ribs and keel bone expand cranially and ventrally on inspiration. Bards placed in dorsal or sternal recumbency for prolonged periods of time can developĪpnoea, and so intubation is ideal to allow for intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Birds have a large glottis, located at the base of their tongue, which makes them simpler than most exotic and mammalian species to intubate. Little as 30 seconds and patients can be maintained either with the face mask left in place or by intubating. Isoflurane inhalational anaesthesia provides quick anaesthetic induction and recovery, due to the efficiency of avian respiratory systems. The remainder of this radiograph is non-diagnostic due to superimposition of structures FIGURE (1) A conscious radiograph taken to assess for the presence of an egg. Routine or planned radiographs should be performed after a small period of starvation – enough to allow the crop to empty and decrease the risk of regurgitation and subsequent aspiration. There are times in which conscious radiographs can be indicated, such as in collapsed and debilitated patients when trying to rule in or out certain diagnoses, for example egg binding ( Figure 1) or the presence of heavy metals. It is never appropriate to hold the patient down to the plate, straddle the X-ray beam or have the handler’s own hands within the radiographic view.Ĭonscious radiographs usually result in superimposed anatomy and non-diagnostic radiographs. The author recommends the use of general anaesthesia or sedation to allow for appropriate positioning. Radiographs should be taken with appropriate restraint and positioning. Radiographs can be taken with any standard small animal radiography set up, ideally with a high frequency unit and digital radiography. They can also be used to assess for fractures or other trauma in wild birds, which are commonly presented to clinical practice. Radiographs can be helpful for diagnosis of conditions in captive birds such as lameness, regurgitation, coelomic distension, dyspnoea, general malaise and countless other clinical presentations. A basic knowledge of avian anatomy can result in radiographs becoming incredibly useful and easy-to-interpret diagnostic tools. Radiographs can be an excellent tool to assess avian patients, given their non-invasive nature and ease of acquisition. ![]()
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